Competing Smartly

In the words of Ray Kroc, founder of McDonald's, 'When you are green, you grow; when you are ripe, you rot.' The realm of business is a fiercely competitive milieu, necessitating perpetual advancement. The optimal approach to enhancing one's enterprise is through self-improvement and learning from a diverse range of individuals. By maintaining a "green" disposition, one circumvents the pitfall of becoming an overly confident "expert" who ceases to heed the wisdom of others. Continuous self-improvement may be achieved through the perusal of literature, attendance at seminars and trade expositions, and interaction with knowledgeable peers.

The annals of business history are replete with instances of organisations that faltered due to a failure to retain their competitive edge or the inability to recognise crucial shifts within their respective markets. Companies producing items such as clothes props, buggy wheels, thermal fax machines, and railroads offer invaluable lessons regarding the identification of one's true competitors. A pertinent inquiry to pose is, "In which business am I genuinely engaged?"

As technological advancements proliferate, a plethora of extant industries shall find themselves under siege by emerging sectors and enterprises. To cite a few contemporary trends: video rental establishments are being challenged by the advent of downloadable home movies; print and photocopy shops face competition from sophisticated in-office printing devices; Polaroid camera retailers grapple with the rise of digital cameras and home printing solutions. Moreover, record stores have already begun to experience difficulties in contending with downloadable music and portable media storage.

Every enterprise necessitates a persuasive point of differentiation or a "unique selling proposition." It is crucial to determine why consumers should patronise your business. If one is unable to succinctly articulate their offerings in a positioning statement, such as "Safeway, the fresh food people" or "The burgers are better at Hungry Jack's," it is imperative to swiftly identify an appropriate positioning statement. Should the sole positioning statement discovered revolve around being "more affordable," it is prudent to ensure that this claim can be substantiated through strategies such as substantial bulk purchasing, cost-efficient infrastructure, judicious expenditure, and technological innovation akin to those employed by Walmart or Kmart.

If a business's "more affordable" stance is predicated upon a strategy of reduced profit margins, it is advised to proceed with caution. The sole justification for diminished margins might be market penetration facilitated by low-price, low-risk sample offers. Alternative means of differentiation or positioning within one's market may include being expeditious, offering a 100% guarantee, having the highest price, providing exceptional quality, boasting worldwide renown, exhibiting promptness, ensuring long-lasting products, garnering celebrity endorsements, possessing well-established recognition, having an extensive history, demonstrating durability, or offering the most comprehensive range of products or services.

Every enterprise necessitates exceptional information-gathering and analytical skills to maintain competitiveness. In addition to internal sources of information such as financial data and team member interaction, external sources encompass customers, competitors, and media and industry associates or commentators. As Michael Gerber, author of "The E-Myth," asserts, "Spend more time working on your business than in it." This statement implies that the onus is on the business owner to identify superior methods of conducting business, fostering innovation, enhancing systems, and most crucially, monitoring trends that may impact the enterprise.

Should one be preoccupied with the day-to-day tasks within the business, the question arises: who is attending to the "big picture" and steering the organisation? If one waits for the company's revenue to experience a severe decline, it may be too late to alter course, divest, or invest in novel technology. When gathering information, it is essential to eschew "paralysis by analysis." As Bill Gates of Microsoft expressed, "Collect as much information as possible and then use your gut instinct to go with what feels right." While business plans are indispensable, pursuing perfection should not be the ultimate objective.

"Begin with the end in mind" is sage counsel proffered by Stephen Covey. Regrettably, numerous business proprietors have not contemplated the long-term prospects of their enterprises. It is essential to determine whether one desires a "lifestyle" business that remains small to support a leisurely way of life or a company that undergoes substantial growth through diligent effort. Does one intend to expand the business for an eventual sale or to bequeath it to relatives? Is business growth a significant priority? Are aspirations focused on high revenue, a large workforce, or considerable profitability and an impressive return on equity?

Is diversification into unfamiliar industries appealing, or should the focus be placed on excelling in core activities? Does one thrive in rapidly acquiring knowledge and adapting to new circumstances? Is vertical integration of paramount importance, such as acquiring ownership of suppliers or customers? While disintermediation (the removal of superfluous layers in the supply chain) may be advantageous, the potential reactions of existing customers and suppliers should be considered. Will business relationships remain intact? Numerous companies, such as Giant Bikes, Mars Confectionery, and myriad fashion chains, have successfully integrated operations from manufacturing to retail.

Is the pursuit of innovative products and first-mover status desirable, or is it more prudent to await the validation of new markets? Are motivations driven by innovation, research and development, and a proclivity for novelty and perpetual change? If expansion into new locations (nationally or internationally) is a goal, does one relish travel and time away from home? Is selling products and services online an appealing prospect? Does one possess a fervent interest in the internet? If collaboration and shared decision-making are preferred, a partnership or strategic alliance may be suitable. If salesmanship, leadership, negotiation, and the ability to inspire others are among one's strengths, franchising could be a viable future endeavour.

Marketplaces are often densely populated, typically accommodating only two to three market leaders in most sectors that yield considerable profitability. Consequently, it is crucial to identify the core strengths that will elevate an enterprise into the upper echelon of its market. Is the focus concentrated on the core business, or is one attempting to be a multifaceted generalist, mastering no specific domain? In the realm of business, tasks are seldom in short supply; hence, it is vital to maintain focus on what is truly important. Which activities will facilitate the attainment of the desired outcome? Prioritise profitability and productivity, and employ Pareto's Principle—devote more effort to the 20% of activities that yield 80% of the results.

Concentrate on fostering relationships with the most valuable suppliers, customers, team members, and products. Avoid the pitfalls of unfocused activity, and do not equate busyness with productivity. Is an excessive number of tasks being juggled simultaneously? Prioritising quality over quantity will invariably lead to superior outcomes. There is a finite amount of energy and passion one can invest in each project. The areas of focus will flourish, while the neglected businesses will wither and vanish. Be wary of those who claim to consistently work over 60 hours per week. As Bob Ansett, founder of Budget Rent A Car in Australia, which eventually entered receivership, advises, "Keep your eye on the ball." Should one desire a well-rounded life and concurrently manage multiple businesses, it is imperative to optimise time allocation. Cultivate exceptional delegation techniques and maintain clarity regarding one's role in each category or activity.

Exercise caution when considering a second location for your business. Numerous proprietors establish a thriving enterprise in one site and aspire to expand to another. However, they may not recognise that the success of the initial location depends on their presence and supervision. Before contemplating expansion, take an extended holiday, lasting between eight and twelve weeks, to evaluate the business's performance in your absence. Only when the enterprise is thoroughly systematised, operates efficiently under management, and succeeds during extended periods of leave should one embark on multi-site operations. It is impossible to be in two places simultaneously!

Another significant challenge in the rapid growth of a business is cash flow management. If your customers remit payment in advance, prior to receiving products or services, and your business has minimal or no inventory requirements, you will be poised to grow at a faster pace than those enterprises that collect payments 30, 60, or 90+ days post-delivery or maintain sizable inventories. This advantage stems from the fact that your capital is not tied up in inventory or extended as "loans" to customers (debtors). Consequently, the nature of the business determines its maximum desirable growth rate. Regrettably, numerous enterprises encounter difficulties in achieving growth rates exceeding 30% per annum without the continuous infusion of additional equity or recourse to debtor factoring (invoice financing).

Should you possess a high-margin product suitable for direct-to-consumer sales, consider expanding via a party plan or network marketing. The Direct Selling Association of Australia features a variety of highly profitable businesses engaged in this distribution channel. Perhaps your enterprise is prepared to venture online and market to a global audience. Do you offer a unique or niche product range that could appeal to an international market? Numerous small local businesses have cultivated extensive global markets by establishing an online presence and mastering website promotion. Wicked Weasel (www.wickedweasel.com.au) is an Australian small business success story in the online realm.

You might contemplate forming a strategic alliance with one or more key customers or suppliers, genuinely collaborating with them to enhance their business growth, thus augmenting your own. Alternatively, you could explore co-opetition—cooperating with some of your competitors to pursue a more substantial new market. "Cottages of the Colony" in Tasmania serves as an exemplary marketing and branding cooperative of individual bed-and-breakfast properties appealing to the global market. Other businesses may join forces to secure larger contracts, and government grants could be available in some instances.

Every business ought to conduct an annual SWOT Analysis. Assemble a group of your top employees and brainstorm the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats for your business (or specific segments of your business). Subsequently, devise ways to diminish weaknesses, surmount threats, bolster strengths, and implement solutions to seize opportunities. However, bear in mind that just because you can achieve something does not necessarily mean you should. Long-term thinking should be fostered within your business. Once the long-term outcome is identified, you can design various scenarios to reach that objective. Your Scenario Planning might encompass the effects of interest rate increases, currency fluctuations, market reductions (such as droughts), global shifts, or technological impacts.

Remarkably, Sony Corporation of Japan has devised a 500-year plan! Following Napoleon Bonaparte's example, Shell Oil Co employs a dedicated team of specialists to continuously update scenario plans for their global operations, allowing them to respond swiftly to any crisis or opportunity. A prime example of short-term thinking versus long-term strategy is Al 'Chainsaw' Dunlap's approach (author of 'Mean Business'), which involved turning businesses around by cutting costs and increasing profits to appease shareholders. While this strategy proved beneficial for Kerry Packer at Consolidated Press, it led to disastrous consequences for Sunbeam in the U.S. when the current R&D budget was slashed, resulting in a diminished pipeline of innovative new products. At times, prudent investments made today can yield tenfold returns in the future, necessitating a more far-sighted approach than focusing solely on annual profits and one-year Return on Equity. This is particularly true for venture capital-based businesses in Biotechnology and Information Technology.

Scenario Planning can also prove useful in preparing responses to potential business catastrophes, such as the SARS outbreak which impacted the tourism industry, low-interest rates and low technology prices which affected the high-end computer rental business, and the Longford and Moomba gas explosions which harmed natural gas-dependent enterprises like restaurants and bakeries.

Government policies and legislation can dramatically impact entire industries, both positively and negatively. On the other hand, monitoring and lobbying governments can bring strategic advantages and opportunities. For instance, when tariff cuts affected the Textile, Clothing, and Footwear industries in the 1990s, clothing manufacturers who promptly relocated their production operations to China and Asia gained a distinct low-cost advantage over those who remained in Australia. Consequently, many Australian enterprises perished and shut down. In contrast, entirely new industries can be established to meet legislative requirements.

Recently, laws have created opportunities for the development of businesses servicing safety, environmental, construction equipment, and training markets. Deregulation of the financial sector enabled the emergence of businesses such as Aussie Home Loans, Wizard, and Mortgage Choice, among others. Furthermore, changes to media and telecommunication laws have given rise to businesses that can compete with Telstra (Swiftel, AAPT) and provide free-to-air TV alternatives. Other businesses have been able to expand through acquisition or merger. Rapidly acquiring a larger market share and a robust customer base can be achieved by purchasing a struggling competitor.

Being a listed company and trading shares for equity in other businesses is a fast track to growth, provided the purchase price is appropriate and the businesses exhibit strong synergy. A business can be sold for 3 to 7 times EBITDA to a listed company, which will add that profit to its own and increase the value of the listed company by 10-20 times EBITDA, depending on its P/E ratio. Listed companies represent an excellent source of potential business turnarounds.

Periodically, larger listed companies will divest non-core parts of their business or recently acquired businesses. This could entail an entire subsidiary or merely a product range. This presents an opportunity to acquire an "orphan" business at a very reasonable price for well-connected business owners. Recent examples include Yates (core business: seeds) disposing of Yates Garden Care and their Jiffy pot range, Hoechst divesting some of their subsidiaries, and whole divisions of Prestige Homewares being sold off by the company.

In the book, The Roaring 2000s, Harry Dent elucidates the nature of the product and business lifecycle. First, there is the slow initial growth phase, followed by rapid growth and robust demand as the product gains acceptance. Subsequently, growth slows down as the market matures and demand becomes saturated. Finally, a decline occurs as the product is replaced by another or the public and business owners lose interest.

The book also provides a fascinating analysis of the spending habits of individuals of different ages. Young and older adults tend to spend very little, whereas middle-aged individuals reach their peak spending years, covering expenses for children, homes, cars, and luxuries. By combining this with the population distribution by age group, one can forecast consumer spending into the future. The demographics, or age distribution, vary for each country depending on factors such as baby booms and the effects of war. For instance, Japan is missing an entire generation due to the casualties of World War II. In his book, The Profit Zone, Adrian Slywotsky identifies 22 different models of highly profitable businesses. Many of these models relate to the ideal timing of the marketplace, being present at the right time and place during the profitable "high demand" growth phase mentioned earlier. This period is the most valuable in business, characterized by high demand, too few suppliers, and a disregard for price.

However, as more suppliers enter the market, margins decrease, leading to market maturity (e.g., DVD players). Prior to this, the costs of developing the market and the slow penetration rates make the business less profitable (e.g., HDTV and 3G phones). Timing the market can also have drawbacks, as Palm Corporation, the manufacturer of handheld Palm Pilots, discovered when it introduced colour screen units to the marketplace. The company was left with hundreds of thousands of unwanted black & white screen units and a massive demand for coloured units that it could not fulfill. Another significant issue with timing the market is distinguishing trends from fads. Products like Rubik's Cubes and Razor scooters can have a dramatic short-term impact on sales but may possess a very short product life. The Tipping Point and Next are excellent books for identifying future trends.

Your business serves as an investment vehicle. The profit generated at the end of each year represents your Return on Equity (ROE) on the capital you have invested in the business (its value if sold). For instance, Wesfarmers, a large Australian business conglomerate and owner of Bunnings, mandates a minimum return of 30% ROE for all its enterprises. Consider how much ROE your business yielded last year. Might the funds be more effectively invested elsewhere? If your profits increase by £100,000 this year, you have added anywhere between £200,000 and £500,000 to the value of your equity in the business (based on a valuation of 2-5 times EBITDA).

Naturally, to access this equity, you would need to sell your business, but this example underscores the value of enhancing profitability. The primary lesson is not to become overly engrossed in your passion for the business. Refrain from overspending on assets that will not return better than 30% per annum in profit to the business. Under-utilised machinery and unnecessary (though enjoyable) expenditures fall into this category. Recall the distinction between Harvey Norman with its modest offices and Coles Myer, boasting luxurious wood-paneled offices. While this discrepancy may not significantly impact customers, it certainly matters to the shareholder (you).

CONTACT US

WOULD YOU LIKE TO LEARN MORE?


    IMPORTANT NOTICE

    Information contained in this document constitutes general comments only for the purposes of education, and is not intended to constitute or convey specific advice. Clients should not act solely on the basis of the material contained in this document. Also, be aware that changes in relevant legislation may occur following publication of this document. Therefore, we recommend that formal advice be obtained before taking any action on matters covered by this document. This document is issued as a guide for clients only, and for their private information. Therefore, it should be regarded as confidential, and should not be made available to any other person without our prior written approval.